Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and skin infections. It is particularly effective against gram-negative bacteria.

Metformin is an oral antidiabetic drug used to control high blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. It helps the body respond better to insulin and decreases glucose production in the liver.

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It is commonly used to treat headaches, toothaches, menstrual cramps, and arthritis.

Normal saline (NS) is a crystalloid fluid that’s used in medical settings to treat a variety of conditions, including: